Climatology of Aerosol Optical Depth in North‐Central Oklahoma: 1992–2008
Submitter:
Michalsky, Joseph J. — NOAA/Earth System Research Laboratory/Global Monitoring Division & CU-Boulder/Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences
Area of research:
Aerosol Properties
Journal Reference:
Science
Aerosol optical depth (AOD) measurements using sun radiometry yield the vertical column integral of the aerosol extinction coefficient measured from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. It is a robust measure of aerosol abundance, and, as such, this quantity is used to characterize geographical distribution and radiative forcing of climate change resulting from aerosol changes. The wavelength dependence provides information on particle size. Determination of AOD by sun radiometry is especially robust compared to determination by down-looking radiance measurements from satellites; consequently, the surface-based determination of AOD by sun radiometry serves as ground truth for satellites, which, because of their global coverage, are better suited to establishing the geographical distribution of aerosol loading and optical properties. This paper provides an overview and analysis of AOD measurements for the Central Facility at which AOD measurements have been made continuously since late 1992. It focuses on measurements made with the multifilter rotating shadowband radiometer (MFRSR) that measures aerosol at five wavelengths: 415, 500, 615, 673, and 870 nm. Comparisons are made to AOD measurements made with sun-pointing sun radiometers to further investigate the accuracy of the MFRSR. A revised technique to screen for clouds is outlined and examined with several examples in the complete paper to assess the limits of applicability. Diurnal behavior as a function of month is examined. The availability of a long-term record of daily AOD measurements permits the investigation of the climatological representativeness of a single daily measurement as might be obtained with a satellite compared to more complete diurnal sampling.
Impact
The calibration technique used for the MFRSRs is based on a field technique described in the work of Michalsky et al. (JGR Atmospheres 2001). The 95% uncertainties using this technique are calculated to be in the range 0.01–0.02, which depends on successful Langley plots, which depend on the time of the year. Comparisons to daily averaged sun-pointing AERONET data from the site suggest biases less than 0.007 AOD. An improved cloud-screening technique increased the number of days per year with a reportable AOD average from 175 to 250 compared to a conservative screen used in an earlier paper. The daily averages plotted as a function of time of year suggest an August maximum and a December minimum. The Angstrom coefficient is a maximum in the summer (smaller aerosol sizes) and minimum in the winter (larger aerosol sizes). Over the 17-year record, the annual average Angstrom coefficient increases as Mt. Pinatubo aerosols were slowly removed from the stratosphere, reached their smallest sizes in the late 1990s, and have continued to slowly decrease in size to the end of 2008. The only interruption of this decreasing trend was in the summer of 2002, when forest fires were widespread throughout the western U.S.
Summary
Annual averages of AOD, excluding the Mt. Pinatubo-influenced years, suggest a slight upward trend of around 0.0097 AOD per decade, but, unfortunately, with an uncertainty of 0.136 (Figure 1). Box plots of hourly data for each month for the entire period and box plots of all the hourly data in a 5-year period (Figure 2) suggest that there are no diurnal trends, monthly or annually, suggesting that single-point daily sampling (e.g., from a satellite) can, in principle, capture long-term trends in AOD. The more inclusive cloud screen and the use of the daylight hours with the sun above 9.25 degrees yielded a data set that can be used to more faithfully represent the true aerosol climatology for this site.
