An Arctic Springtime Mixed-Phase Cloudy Boundary Layer observed during SHEBA
| Zuidema, Paquita | RSMAS/MPO University of Miami |
| Han, Yong | NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |
| Intrieri, Janet | NOAA/Environmental Technology Laboratory |
| Key, Jeffrey | Boston University |
| Lawson, Paul | SPEC Inc. |
| Matrosov, Sergey | NOAA/Environmental Technology Laboratory |
| Shupe, Matthew | CIRES/NOAA/ETL |
| Uttal, Taneil | NOAA/Environmental Technology Laboratory |
The microphysical characteristics, radiative impact, and lifecycle of a long-lived, surface-based mixed-layer, mixed-phase cloud with an average temperature of approximately -20 C are presented and discussed. The cloud was observed during the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic experiment from May 1 through May 10, 1998. Vertically-resolved properties of the liquid and ice phases are retrieved using surface-based remote sensors, utilize the adiabatic assumption for the liquid component, and are aided by and validated with aircraft measurements from May 4 and May 7. The cloud radar ice microphysical retrievals, originally developed for all-ice clouds, compare well with aircraft measurements despite the presence of much larger liquid water contents than ice water contents. The retrieved time-mean liquid cloud optical depth of 10.1 $\pm$ 7.8 far surpasses the mean ice cloud optical depth of 0.2, so that the liquid phase is primarily responsible for the cloud's radiative (flux) impact. The ice phase, in turn, regulates the overall cloud optical depth through two mechanisms: sedimentation from a thin upper ice cloud, and a local ice production mechanism with a timescale of a few hours, thought to reflect a preferred freezing of the larger liquid drops. The liquid water paths replenish within a half-day or less after their uptake by ice, attesting to strong water vapor fluxes. Deeper boundary-layer depths and higher cloud optical depths coincide with large-scale rising motion at 850 mb, but also become associated with the northwardly-advected upper-level ice clouds. Interestingly, the local ice formation mechanism appears to be more active when the large-scale subsidence rate implies increased cloud-top entrainment. Strong cloud-top radiative cooling rates promote cloud longevity when the cloud is optically-thick. The radiative impact of the cloud upon the surface is significant: a time-mean positive net cloud forcing of 41 W m^{-2} with a diurnal amplitude of ~ 20 W m^{-2}. This is primarily because a high surface reflectance (0.86) reduces the solar cooling influence. The net cloud forcing is primarily sensitive to cloud optical depth for the low-optical-depth cloudy columns and to the surface reflectance for the high-optical-depth cloudy columns. Any projected future increase in the springtime cloud optical depth at this location (76 N, 165 W) is not expected to significantly alter the surface radiation budget, because clouds were almost always present, and almost 60% of the cloudy columns had optical depths > 6. The results imply that the impact of clouds upon the Arctic surface energy budget can only be understood if both the underlying mixed-phase cloud microphysical processes, and their dependence upon large-scale dynamics, are known.
This poster will be displayed at the ARM Science Team Meeting.