%PDF-1.2 % 10 0 obj << /Length 11 0 R >> stream BT 502.08 729.36 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.92 Tf 0.0383 Tc -0.0801 Tw (Session Papers) Tj ET 52.56 737.52 506.88 0.48 re f BT 544.8 57.6 TD -0.0035 Tc 0 Tw (123) Tj ET 52.56 54 506.88 0.48 re f BT 76.56 685.68 TD /F1 18 Tf 0.0022 Tc -0.1102 Tw (The ARM SCM Intercomparison Study\227Overview and) Tj 99.12 -20.64 TD 0.006 Tc 0.03 Tw (Preliminary Results for Case 1) Tj 72.48 -36.24 TD /F2 10.08 Tf -0.0663 Tc 0.1863 Tw (R. T. Cederwall and J. J. Yio) Tj -2.4 -11.52 TD -0.0361 Tc 0.1561 Tw (Atmospheric Science Division) Tj -24.48 -11.52 TD -0.0344 Tc 0.0744 Tw (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory) Tj 40.32 -11.52 TD -0.0303 Tc 0.1503 Tw (Livermore, California) Tj 16.8 -23.04 TD -0.0218 Tc 0.0218 Tw (S. K. Krueger) Tj -28.32 -11.52 TD -0.041 Tc 0.161 Tw (Department of Meteorology) Tj 18.48 -11.52 TD -0.0397 Tc 0.1597 Tw (University of Utah) Tj -3.6 -11.52 TD -0.0355 Tc 0.0755 Tw (Salt Lake City, Utah) Tj -210.96 -39.84 TD /F1 16.08 Tf -0.0162 Tc 0 Tw (Introduction) Tj 0 -24.48 TD /F3 10.08 Tf -0.0501 Tc 2.0901 Tw (The Single-Column Model \(SCM\) Working Group in the) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.048 Tc 1.8 Tw (Atmospheric Radiation Measurement \(ARM\) Program has) Tj T* -0.0615 Tc 3.1515 Tw (begun a series of SCM Intercomparison case studies to) Tj T* -0.0555 Tc 3.4289 Tw (evaluate the adequacy of the forcing data sets and the) Tj 0 -11.28 TD -0.0437 Tc 2.0237 Tw (progress of SCM formulations. There are nine modeling) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.058 Tc 3.3323 Tw (groups participating, which include eight SCMs: Ghan) Tj T* -0.0485 Tc 1.4645 Tw ([Pacific Northwest National Laboratory \(PNNL\)], Randall/) Tj T* -0.0466 Tc 5.5426 Tw (Cripe [Colorado State University \(CSU\)], Somerville/) Tj T* -0.0515 Tc 4.7315 Tw (Iacobellis [Scripps/University of California, San Diego) Tj T* -0.0482 Tc 6.6482 Tw (\(UCSD\)], Klein [National Oceanic and Atmospheric) Tj T* -0.0457 Tc 8.3257 Tw (Administration \(NOAA\)-Geophysical Fluid Dynamics) Tj T* -0.0509 Tc 3.7708 Tw (Laboratory \(GFDL\)], Lohmann \(Dalhousie\), Stenchikov/) Tj T* -0.0506 Tc 2.0906 Tw (Robock \(Maryland, Rutgers\), Zhang/Xie [State University) Tj T* -0.0609 Tc 0.798 Tw (of New York \(SUNY\) Stony Brook], Sud/Wlaker [National) Tj T* -0.0433 Tc 3.5233 Tw (Aeronautics and Space Administration \(NASA\)-Goddard) Tj T* -0.0457 Tc 3.4457 Tw (Space Flight Center \(GSFC\)], and one two-dimensional) Tj 0 -11.28 TD 0.0017 Tc 0 Tw (\(2) Tj 8.4 0 TD -0.0298 Tc 2.0698 Tw (-D\) cl) Tj 25.68 0 TD -0.0537 Tc 2.1237 Tw (oud-resolving model: Xu \(CSU\). The first case) Tj -34.08 -11.52 TD -0.0469 Tc 2.3269 Tw (study addresses the prescription of advective forcing, the) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.0505 Tc 0.1438 Tw (methods used to derive SCM forcing terms, and the methods) Tj T* -0.0618 Tc 1.4058 Tw (used to estimate surface flux forcing. Details of the SCM) Tj T* -0.0492 Tc 0.6492 Tw (Intercomparison procedures are given elsewhere \(Cederwall) Tj T* -0.0409 Tc 0.1609 Tw (and Krueger 1998\).) Tj 0 -28.56 TD /F1 16.08 Tf -0.0507 Tc 0 Tw (Approach) Tj 0 -24.24 TD /F3 10.08 Tf -0.0341 Tc 7.0113 Tw (A critical issue in single-column modeling is the) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.0423 Tc 2.5966 Tw (prescription of advective forcing, required for the SCMs) Tj T* -0.0402 Tc 2.4402 Tw (because the information usually provided by neighboring) Tj T* -0.0425 Tc 3.8959 Tw (cells in a GCM is not available in the single-column) Tj T* -0.0328 Tc 0.7699 Tw (formulation. The SCM large-scale \(L.S.\) advective forcing) Tj T* -0.0351 Tc 1.1151 Tw (comprises horizontal and vertical advection, given here for) Tj T* -0.0434 Tc 0.0948 Tw (water vapor mixing ratio \(q\) as an example:) Tj ET 0.48 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 394.56 506.16 m 399.6 506.16 l S 388.8 495.84 m 400.56 495.84 l S 435.84 499.68 m 440.64 499.68 l S 453.36 499.92 m 458.16 499.92 l S 467.76 499.92 m 474.72 499.92 l S 482.4 506.16 m 487.44 506.16 l S 476.4 495.84 m 488.4 495.84 l S BT 482.4 485.52 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (p) Tj -0.24 14.16 TD (q) Tj -29.04 -6.48 TD (q) Tj -17.28 0 TD -0.24 Tc (v) Tj -40.32 -7.68 TD 0.0778 Tc (t) Tj -0.96 14.16 TD 0 Tc (q) Tj 22.08 -17.52 TD /F3 7.92 Tf -0.06 Tc (.) Tj -4.08 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (S) Tj -1.44 0 TD -0.06 Tc (.) Tj -4.8 0 TD -0.0391 Tc (L) Tj 71.28 3.36 TD /F4 10.08 Tf 0.0605 Tc (\266) Tj -0.48 14.16 TD (\266) Tj -9.12 -6.48 TD -0.4349 Tc (w) Tj -7.68 0 TD -0.0139 Tc (-) Tj -14.64 0 TD 0.013 Tc (\321) Tj -3.36 0 TD 0.12 Tc (\327) Tj -12.48 0 TD -0.0139 Tc (-) Tj -7.92 0 TD (\272) Tj -20.16 -0.48 TD -0.0307 Tc (\367) Tj 0 -8.64 TD (\370) Tj 0 14.88 TD (\366) Tj -18.24 -6.24 TD (\347) Tj 0 -8.64 TD (\350) Tj 0 14.88 TD (\346) Tj 7.2 -13.44 TD 0.0605 Tc (\266) Tj -1.2 14.16 TD (\266) Tj -74.4 -40.8 TD /F3 10.08 Tf -0.0587 Tc 2.4416 Tw (Three methods for specifying the advecting forcing were) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.0519 Tc 0.1719 Tw (tested, defined by the following expressions \(given for q\):) Tj 0 -23.04 TD 0.06 Tc 0.06 Tw ( 1.) Tj 18 0 TD -0.0492 Tc 0.1692 Tw (observed total advective tendency,) Tj ET 403.68 405.12 m 408.72 405.12 l S 397.92 394.8 m 409.68 394.8 l S 449.76 405.12 m 454.56 405.12 l S 443.76 394.8 m 455.76 394.8 l S BT 478.32 381.12 TD /F3 7.92 Tf -0.06 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj -4.8 0 TD 0.2009 Tc (T) Tj -1.92 0 TD -0.06 Tc (.) Tj -4.08 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (S) Tj -1.44 0 TD -0.06 Tc (.) Tj -4.8 0 TD -0.0391 Tc (L) Tj -35.52 0 TD -0.06 Tc (.) Tj -4.08 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (S) Tj -1.44 0 TD -0.06 Tc (.) Tj -4.8 0 TD -0.0391 Tc (L) Tj 35.04 3.36 TD /F3 10.08 Tf 0.0778 Tc (t) Tj -0.96 14.16 TD 0 Tc (q) Tj -44.88 -14.16 TD 0.0778 Tc (t) Tj -0.96 14.16 TD 0 Tc (q) Tj 53.28 -6.96 TD /F4 10.08 Tf -0.0307 Tc (\367) Tj 0 -8.64 TD (\370) Tj 0 14.88 TD (\366) Tj -18.24 -6.24 TD (\347) Tj 0 -8.64 TD (\350) Tj 0 14.88 TD (\346) Tj 6.96 -13.68 TD 0.0605 Tc (\266) Tj -1.2 14.4 TD (\266) Tj -13.44 -6.48 TD -0.0139 Tc (=) Tj -20.16 -0.48 TD -0.0307 Tc (\367) Tj 0 -8.64 TD (\370) Tj 0 14.88 TD (\366) Tj -18.24 -6.24 TD (\347) Tj 0 -8.64 TD (\350) Tj 0 14.88 TD (\346) Tj 7.2 -13.68 TD 0.0605 Tc (\266) Tj -1.2 14.4 TD (\266) Tj -83.52 -40.8 TD /F3 10.08 Tf 0.06 Tc 0.06 Tw ( 2.) Tj 18 0 TD -0.0483 Tc 3.1443 Tw (observed horizontal advective tendency plus vertical) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.0487 Tc 3.9607 Tw (advective tendency estimated using observed large-) Tj T* -0.0457 Tc 1.7257 Tw (scale vertical motion and the model-predicted vertical) Tj T* -0.0302 Tc 0 Tw (gradient,) Tj ET 383.52 304.08 m 388.56 304.08 l S 377.76 293.76 m 389.52 293.76 l S 429.6 304.08 m 434.64 304.08 l S 423.6 293.76 m 435.6 293.76 l S 471.12 297.84 m 478.08 297.84 l S 485.76 304.32 m 490.8 304.32 l S 480 293.76 m 499.44 293.76 l S BT 489.6 283.2 TD 0 Tc (p) Tj -3.84 14.4 TD (q) Tj -55.2 -14.4 TD 0.0778 Tc (t) Tj -1.2 14.4 TD 0 Tc (q) Tj -44.88 -14.4 TD 0.0778 Tc (t) Tj -0.96 14.4 TD 0 Tc (q) Tj 107.76 -2.4 TD /F3 7.92 Tf -0.1618 Tc (m) Tj -31.92 -15.12 TD -0.06 Tc (.) Tj -6 0 TD 0.0418 Tc (H) Tj -1.68 0 TD -0.06 Tc (.) Tj -4.08 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (S) Tj -1.68 0 TD -0.06 Tc (.) Tj -4.8 0 TD -0.0391 Tc (L) Tj -35.52 0 TD -0.06 Tc (.) Tj -4.08 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (S) Tj -1.44 0 TD -0.06 Tc (.) Tj -4.8 0 TD -0.0391 Tc (L) Tj 89.52 3.12 TD /F4 10.08 Tf 0.0605 Tc (\266) Tj -4.32 14.4 TD (\266) Tj -9.12 -6.48 TD -0.4349 Tc (w) Tj -7.68 0 TD -0.0139 Tc (-) Tj -26.88 -0.48 TD -0.0307 Tc (\367) Tj 0 -8.64 TD (\370) Tj 0 14.88 TD (\366) Tj -18.24 -6.24 TD (\347) Tj 0 -8.64 TD (\350) Tj 0 14.88 TD (\346) Tj 6.96 -13.68 TD 0.0605 Tc (\266) Tj -1.2 14.4 TD (\266) Tj -13.44 -6.48 TD -0.0139 Tc (=) Tj -20.16 -0.48 TD -0.0307 Tc (\367) Tj 0 -8.64 TD (\370) Tj 0 14.88 TD (\366) Tj -18.24 -6.24 TD (\347) Tj 0 -8.64 TD (\350) Tj 0 14.88 TD (\346) Tj 7.2 -13.68 TD 0.0605 Tc (\266) Tj -1.2 14.4 TD (\266) Tj -63.36 -40.56 TD /F3 10.08 Tf 0.06 Tc 0.06 Tw ( 3.) Tj 18 0 TD -0.043 Tc 6.739 Tw (horizontal advective tendency estimated using a) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.0466 Tc 6.8386 Tw (relaxation toward upstream values, plus vertical) Tj T* -0.0465 Tc 0.0637 Tw (advective tendency estimated as in Eq. \(2\) above,) Tj ET 384 214.8 m 389.04 214.8 l S 378.24 204.48 m 390 204.48 l S 427.44 215.28 m 432.48 215.28 l S 449.52 215.28 m 454.56 215.28 l S 426.48 204.48 m 461.28 204.48 l S 470.64 208.56 m 477.6 208.56 l S 485.28 215.04 m 490.32 215.04 l S 479.52 204.48 m 498.96 204.48 l S BT 489.12 194.16 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (p) Tj -3.84 14.16 TD (q) Tj -35.76 0.24 TD (q) Tj -22.32 0 TD (q) Tj -42.24 -14.4 TD 0.0778 Tc (t) Tj -0.96 14.16 TD 0 Tc (q) Tj 106.8 -2.4 TD /F3 7.92 Tf -0.1618 Tc (m) Tj -50.88 -14.4 TD -0.0522 Tc (adv) Tj 15.12 14.4 TD 0.12 Tc (u) Tj -22.08 0 TD -0.1618 Tc (m) Tj -26.88 -15.12 TD -0.06 Tc (.) Tj -4.08 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (S) Tj -1.44 0 TD -0.06 Tc (.) Tj -4.8 0 TD -0.0391 Tc (L) Tj 88.56 3.36 TD /F4 10.08 Tf 0.0605 Tc (\266) Tj -4.08 14.16 TD (\266) Tj -9.36 -6.48 TD -0.4349 Tc (w) Tj -7.68 0 TD -0.0139 Tc (-) Tj -28.08 -7.68 TD -0.1051 Tc (t) Tj 6.96 14.4 TD -0.0139 Tc (-) Tj -22.8 -6.72 TD (-) Tj -7.92 0 TD (=) Tj -20.16 -0.48 TD -0.0307 Tc (\367) Tj 0 -8.64 TD (\370) Tj 0 14.88 TD (\366) Tj -18.24 -6.24 TD (\347) Tj 0 -8.64 TD (\350) Tj 0 14.88 TD (\346) Tj 7.2 -13.44 TD 0.0605 Tc (\266) Tj -1.2 14.16 TD (\266) Tj -63.84 -40.8 TD /F3 10.08 Tf -0.0563 Tc 0.6563 Tw (SCM ) Tj 24.24 0 TD -0.0644 Tc 0.9044 Tw (advective tendency terms were obtained in two ways:) Tj -24.24 -11.52 TD -0.056 Tc 3.7417 Tw (1\) Barnes objective analysis using ARM sounding and) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.055 Tc 4.4265 Tw (NOAA wind profiler data, and 2\) variational analysis) Tj T* -0.0589 Tc 1.4389 Tw (\(provided by Zhang\) that uses ARM sounding and NOAA) Tj T* -0.0461 Tc 2.5127 Tw (wind profiler data and then additional data to adjust the) Tj T* -0.0643 Tc 5.3272 Tw (advective tendencies in order to match the observed) Tj ET endstream endobj 11 0 obj 10110 endobj 4 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 7 0 R /F2 8 0 R /F3 9 0 R /F4 12 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 10 0 R >> endobj 15 0 obj << /Length 16 0 R >> stream BT 54 729.36 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.92 Tf 0.0383 Tc -0.0801 Tw (Session Papers) Tj ET 52.56 737.52 506.88 0.48 re f BT 54 57.6 TD -0.0035 Tc 0 Tw (124) Tj ET 52.56 54 506.88 0.48 re f BT 54 693.12 TD /F3 10.08 Tf -0.0435 Tc 5.2515 Tw (column-integrated tendencies of mass, moisture, static) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.0437 Tc 0.0837 Tw (energy, and momentum \(Zhang and Lin 1997\).) Tj 0 -23.04 TD -0.0549 Tc 1.7949 Tw (Surface forcing was prescribed from two methods of heat) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.0318 Tc 0.0718 Tw (and moisture flux estimates:) Tj 0 -22.8 TD 0.06 Tc 0.06 Tw ( 1.) Tj 18 0 TD -0.1555 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0498 Tc 0.2383 Tw (rea-averaged SiB2 model output \(from a 6.25-km grid\)) Tj -4.32 -11.52 TD -0.057 Tc 3.327 Tw (that uses ARM observations as input \(Doran et al.) Tj 0 -11.52 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1998\)) Tj -18 -23.04 TD 0.06 Tc 0.06 Tw ( 2.) Tj 18 0 TD -0.0516 Tc 7.1916 Tw (area-averaged observations from Energy Balance) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.0435 Tc 0.1635 Tw (Bowen Ratio \(EBBR\) stations.) Tj -18 -23.04 TD -0.049 Tc 1.099 Tw (The EBBR stations are located only in non-cropland areas,) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.0571 Tc 0.4891 Tw (and therefore sample just a part of the SCM bottom surface.) Tj T* -0.0415 Tc 1.1515 Tw (The SiB2 model approach incorporates all surface types in) Tj T* -0.0505 Tc 1.2745 Tw (the SCM domain. The difference in estimates of heat and) Tj 0 -11.28 TD -0.05 Tc 3.6328 Tw (moisture flux is most pronounced in clear-sky daytime) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.0459 Tc 3.2516 Tw (periods, when the harvested wheat fields \(the dominant) Tj T* -0.0445 Tc 0.7645 Tw (cropland\) are ) Tj 56.88 0 TD /F2 10.08 Tf -0.0572 Tc 0.8972 Tw (hotter and drier) Tj 65.28 0 TD /F3 10.08 Tf -0.049 Tc 0.769 Tw ( than the non-cropland \(Shaw) Tj -122.16 -11.52 TD -0.0495 Tc 1.8059 Tw (et al. 1998\). This is illustrated in Figure 1, where Julian) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.0404 Tc 0.1004 Tw (days 208-211 have clear skies.) Tj 0 -23.04 TD -0.0514 Tc 0.9181 Tw (The SCM Intercomparison involved an abbreviated 3 x 2 x) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.0478 Tc 0.1918 Tw (2 matrix of runs to evaluate the three methods of prescribing) Tj T* -0.0525 Tc 0.4125 Tw (the advective forcing, the two methods of deriving the SCM) Tj T* -0.0471 Tc 0.1404 Tw (forcing terms, and the two methods of estimating the surface) Tj T* -0.0304 Tc 1.3204 Tw (forcing. This matrix and associated simulation notation is) Tj 0 -11.28 TD -0.0366 Tc 0.0766 Tw (given in Table 1.) Tj ET q 239.28 0 0 -176.16 54 357.12 cm /im1 Do endstream endobj 16 0 obj 2577 endobj 18 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Name /im1 /Filter /LZWDecode /Width 628 /Height 466 /BitsPerComponent 8 /ColorSpace [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 17 0 R ] /Length 19 0 R >> stream P8$ BaPd6DbQ8V-FcQv=HdR9$M'JeRd]/LfS9m7NgS}?PhS GRiTe6FTjU:VVUUv_l;%gXe.( s]Mr_+~ D*˥yLd:Ղ19w7e4uYM>{]Wkhw0ulx\>%?Sc\+<^W/4|gyl'( Gz?='h>O.,@l